Effects of Propaganda over Voting Behavior

Effects of Propaganda over Voting portDissertation Outline mo personaChapter 1 IntroductionThe master(prenominal) purpose of this postulate is understanding the load of propaganda over pick out behaviour of Turkish University students. Thanks to this theater we crowd out see possible changes in Turkish Politics in appeal of elector turnout carriage. The inquiry question is that how does propaganda affect select behavior of students who get hold of at Turkish Universities. I will apply experimental research method, because in experimental research we green goddessnister see whatsoever changes resultively than opposite methods.Chapter 2 Re bet of the LiteratureI will tincture voting behavior and propaganda literature, thus I can measure changes of voting behavior and effects of propaganda over populates conclusion.Chapter 3 theoretical frame conveyIn this chapter I will talk about(predicate) methodology of my study. I will explain every detail of my study in that part.Chapter 4 Results/ FindingsIn the 4th chapter I will sh ar my results. I will give peculiar(prenominal) dogma about students reaction to propaganda and specific effects of these propaganda to voting behavior.Chapter 5 Discussion ConclusionBibliographyAppendix on that microscope stage will be excessively more appendix in my study such as questions of tests, manifests of policy-making parties and text of propaganda. Literature of Propaganda and Voting demeanorIn this chapter, for understanding effectiveness of propaganda over voting behavior, we will smelling researches and studies which be related with voting behavior and propaganda.Evaluation of PropagandaFrench rootage Jean-Marie Domenach defines propaganda as Propaganda is an attempt to influence the opinion and the conduct of a ordination in such a way that the nation invite a pre persistent opinion and conduct.1(Domenach,1969 7). In an different article, rump H. Burma defines propaganda as For the pu rposes of this cover we shall consider propaganda as a systematic, planned attempt by an arouse person or mathematical group to control the attitudes of persons or groups by bureau of suggestion, and consequently to control their actions.2(Burma,1939 15). In another definition Garth S. Jovett and Victoria ODonnel arranges that Propaganda is a form of communication that attempts to achieve a response that advances the desire intent of the propagandis.3 Terence H. Qualter emphasized the necessity of audience adaptation Propaganda, to be effective, must be seen, remembered, unders as well asd, and acted upon. . . adapted to particular needs of the spot and the audience to which it is aimed4 (Qualter, 1962)Propaganda in law started to use with the evolvement of organized society. This organized societies required leader or leadership for effective ruling, so leadership has classical category in power structure of society. This importance of leaderships leads to competition a mong persons who want to be leader to society. In these competitions propaganda utilize often such as in ancient Egypt, in join America and Ancient Rome. However, propaganda is used firstly in 1622 by soda pop XV as an organized structure. Gregory to publish Catholic Churchs views peacefully. Because, during this measure there ar religious wars started again, Papa knows that you cannot stop this contrast by using weapon or violent. at that place uniformwise occurred Protestant Reform Act, so Papa wanted to find solution by use peaceful ways to finish the conflict and prevent to product of Protestant Church. in that locationfore he created Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fide. This organization became official part of Catholic Church this organization was responsible from spread Catholic Church views by the way of propaganda.In the 19th century, with the improvement of nation states and occurrence of military man struggle I and World War II provide bulky area of usage f or propaganda. After the Word War I, many people germinate awayed that what is propaganda and how politicians apply the propaganda. With the Great War propaganda completely settled to speech communication literature. In the First World War, Allied Powers and Central Powers used propaganda for providing legitimacy and preparing people to war. consort to Terence H. Qualter, During World War I, propaganda used not alone as a noun merely also used as procedural and it refers to deception and lie for achieving a goal or act. This usage leads to mental wars today.5 (Qualter H. 1962) During World War I, the United States produces a documentary series which stimulate is Why We Fight. The elemental aim of this documentary is preparing and providing high train psychological power among citizens and soldiers. Hovland who is documentary maker, tried to immortalise of legitimacy of war.Domenach describes 4 conventions for propaganda such as the rule of simplification and enemy, the rule of exaggeration and distortion, the rule of overall planning, the rule of transmission, the rule of unanimity and contagion. These rules are most fundamental for successful propaganda, because successful propaganda needs good communication techniques. C. Baltac and E. Eke support that policy-making parties use propaganda by the way of 5 underlying tools such as governmental campaign, gallup poll, canvass with face to face meeting, mass media and part meetings. C. Baltac and E. Eke also index that political propagandas which is used by political parties, crap most-valuable effect over citizens decision. curiously hesitant citizens are more impact than other citizens. thitherfore, propaganda reduces uncertainty of voters about political decision. Tobias Ursprung emphasize that propagandas provide big randomness to voters, but this free study is complex, not includes cause and effect relationship, so citizens do not check this reading because it requires too much effo rt and time. Therefore, validity of information is primal for effect citizens decision ( Tobias Ursprung, 1992). Especially in election time, politicians frequently apply to propaganda, so politicians stack too much information to citizens. Citizens try to pass in brain dawn to understand this information, but if the information is too complicated, citizens do not show extra effort for understand that information because, there are too much information and citizens do not have enough time to justify all information. Therefore, propagandists do not give truth information to citizens every time. Joseph Goebbels who is minister of Reichs Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda during Nazi Government in 1933, says that If you tell a lie big enough and keep it tell it, people will eventually come to believe it.There are two basic discussion over propaganda. The first one is nurture and propaganda relationship. There is too much commentary over this discussion. Terence H. Qual ter criticized these commentaries and he created a new interpretation. Terence H. Qualter mentioned that if it is known that material is not truth but teaching the material is still continues with the aim of manipulation, this act called as propaganda. On the other present if there is thought that this material is absolutely truth, this can be not only education but also be propaganda. away(predicate) from reality, if aim of the act is to manipulate peoples decision and behavior for a specific goal, this agency also called as propaganda. In the stock(a) of education, the important thing is reality and trueness of material. On the other hand in the standard of propaganda, the important thing is aim in the teaching. some other discussion topic in propaganda is deception. Terence H. Qualter advocates that propaganda and deception is not same thing. propagandist of course use falsity terms, especially in pressure measure they use falsity words than truth. However, the basic prin ciple of propaganda is not say truth or lie. The basic principle of propaganda is being persuasive. Propagandist use not only falsity but also use truth for manipulate the target group. Therefore, it is biggest thought that propaganda and deception are similar. Basically, there are trinity assures of lie like that material must be away from reality, it is know that this situation away from reality, and the main aim must be manipulation. However when these 3 conditions came together, understand to lie is very difficult in practice. Many times people cannot discriminate innocent lie and witting lie. This uncertain situation occurred important result in World War II. During World War II English Air military force tell that 2.698 German Warcrafts are defeated by English Air Force. However, bit of defeated warcraft in German Air Force was 1.733. In that situation English Air Forces declaration is truth actually, but they did not calculate that some planes could decease to German Ai r Force Base and could repair in there. In that topic another point is that people must have information as soon as propagandist to understand propaganda (Qualter 1962) Every person cannot have information about everything, so it is difficult to understand that when there is an act, it is a kind of propaganda or not.Voting BehaviorIn the politics, analyzing voting behavior provides successful results in election for politicians. Therefore, politicians give importance to analyze voting behavior. As a result of these analyses, political parties determine their policies.In the literature, basic study of voting behavior is The American Voter. This study is prepared by black Angus Campbell, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller and Donald E. Stokes at Survey Research Center , University of naut mi in 1960.Their main argument is funnel homunculus. According to this model, citizens firstly learn their part ID from their parents and lovingization. Citizens become dependents this fellowsh ip psychologically. Citizens partisanship shapes the development of citizens attitudes, because citizens like their fellowship, they adopt its position. Socialization leads to partisanship and affect peoples voting behavior. in front this study, there was another study which is prepared by Columbia University and this study support that mass media do not directly influence voting behavior, mass media cannot shape peoples decision, it is only supply reality idea. After that study of Michigan University occurred and they supported political party ID.There are some supporters of the theory that the media have limited access to the decision-making assist of voters claim four key reasons in minimal effects model. The first is that citizens are not sufficiently interested to take channel of the media. The second reason is that conflicting messages cancel one another out. The terzetto reason is that Citizens are selective, and they need to receive only such information as reinforces their existing preferences. The last reason is that the messages which are absorbed are catalysed through individuals own interactions and communication.6 Ahmet Taner Klal supports that there are four determined elements of voting behavior such as security, dignity request, emotional addiction and religious-political beliefs (Klal, 1987). In that definition security is related with economy. Ahmet Taner Klal also mentioned that people who have low but stable economic revenue wants stableness in economics and also politics. They do not prefer any risky situations, they prefer protect possessed economic value. On the other hand, some group of people who do not see honour in the society, experience lack of confidence against present disposal, so they prefer alteration and they give alternative parties. Emotional dependence refers to people can feel dependent himself to a leader or a political party, so they vote to this leaders or party even if policies of the political party or l eaders are insufficient. Similarly, religion and political view also affect peoples voting decision. People feel dependence to religious and political view (Klal, 1987). According to Lipset and Lazarsfeld, if policy of government is related with interest of a social group, member of this social group became active in election, so participation to the election will enlarge. There is a pressure in society about political participation, in that society electoral participation also increases. However this situation can change according to relationship amidst individuals and group. Lipset and Lazasfeld also mentioned that there are some indicators which change side of vote. For example, with the transition from agricultural society to industrial society, aspects of class society become more effective rather than regional effects in voting decision. With the increase of social inequality, peoples participation to politics also increases. With the industrialization, welfare in society c hange magnitude and people started to compare their welfare with other countries, in that situation if their states stoppage behind of other countries in terms of welfare, there started infelicity. Apart from welfare, cursory political events also affect citizens decision, especially irresolute citizens. For example, with the increase of violence acts in the country, hesitant citizens can vote to alternative parties. (Lpset and Lazarsfeld 1954364)According to Rui Antunes , there three basic models of voting behavior such as social, psychosocial and rational choice. In the first model of voting behavior, Harrop and Miller advocate that social groups are more important than individuals in voting behavior. They dare individualism which is supported by economic and psychological admission. Socialist advent says that peoples approaches and value system are important in voting behavior, so socio-economic status geography and social groups become important elements in voting behavior. The basic subject of sociologist approach is not voter their basic strain area is political parties and social groups (Harrop and Miller 1987 157). The basic principle of groups is foundation of norms and punish to members who do not follow norms of the group. This situation leads to increase of political participation. In the psychological model of voting behavior, important thing is voters dependency to the political party like a supporter of a football team. The basic assumption of psychologist approach is that choices of voters based on power of psychological elements, under that psychological power, citizens modify to partisanship. fondness is acquired through a socialization process, influenced by the values and attitudes of family, colleagues and peers (Antunes, 2010). Partisanship is a genuine form of social identification in which Citizens have an enduring sense of what sorts of people belong to various parties and whether they identify with these social groups (Green, Palmquist, Schickler, 2002). The last approach over voting behavior is rational choose approach. This approach is firstly used by Antony Downs in his famous go for An economic theory of democracy. In that approach self-interests are main focuses. When citizens vote, they consider their self-interest. This approach refuses emotional elements and dependency to a political party or leader, social environment. In that approach, citizens evaluate past events and decisions rationally and they take decision according to result of this evaluation. Voters do not focus promises, they focus realistic results. Therefore, politicians cannot affect those citizens by the way of propaganda. Citizens think only maximisation of profit and they give their decision in the light of this idea. (Antunes, 2010) Apart from these basic models there are also resonance model, this model support that thought process to voters is acceptable, but political campaign work together with voters education and idea. sore political campaigns merge with other older information, after that situation, voters can impress or not from propaganda. The most important power among voters past information is political party ID. (Iyengar and Simon 2000158)In voting behavior literature John E. Jackson has important study. His study based on reciprocal influences between part affiliations and part evaluations. He mentioned that part identifications are highly influenced by peoples evaluations of what policies each party advocates relative to their own preferences and party affiliations have little direct influence on the voting decision except for people who see little or no residual (Jackson, 1975).With the improvement of technology, internet also becomes important part of peoples life. Internet has led to a significant reduction in the cost of information. The possibility of distributing information at a low cost further increased the number of available sources of information. Thanks to internet, voter s can reach the information easily and they can decrease effect of manipulation to minimum.W. Lance white avens support importance of political image, he says that there are three elements in creating political image. The first element is preparing simple theme or message for voters. The other element is designing the messages more effective and winsome than other candidates. The last element is using all ways to reach voters (Bennet, 2000). Bruce Newman mentioned that for creating an image in voters brain, politicians emphasis that candidates personal qualities. There are a lot of factors which create political image. full generally political image of candidate includes honesty, reliability, specialty, and achievement and intelligence terms. All these terms are combined with body language, thus candidates try to change voters decision (Newman,1999).Schmitt-Beck and Farrell study over political campaign and voting behavior and they support that political campaigns may be effectiv e, but level of effectiveness can be changeable, so effect of campaign can change according to condition and situation.ReferencesBaltac, Cemal Eke, Erdal Siyasal Propaganda Aralarnn Semen Davran zerindeki Etkisine Ynelik Semen Algs Isparta rnek Olay ,Uluslararas Alanya letme Fakltesi Dergisi, 2012, p115-126Domenach, J M., Politika ve Propaganda, ev.Tahsin Ycel, Varlk Yaynlar, stanbul, 2003.Ursprung, Tobias, The use and effect of political propaganda in democracies, Kiuwer Academic Publishers,1992, p 259-282Burma, John H., The General surmisal of Propaganda,1939,p15-19Qualter, Terence H,Propoganda Teorisi ve Propagandann Geliimi ev.nal Oksay,p 255-307Antues, Rui, Theoretical models of voting behavior, Escola Superior de Educao Instituto Politcnico de Coimbra,2010, p 145-170Falck, Oliver Gold, Robert Heblich, Stephan, E-lections Voting Behavior and the Internet American Economic Review, 2014, p 22382265Kannan, Harini L.,2009, electoral Manipulations, Economic Policies and Voting Behavior in IndiaBartels, Larry M., 2008, The Study of Electoral BehaviorVisser, Max, 1996, Voting A Behavioral Analysis, Behavior and Social Issues, slew 6, No. 1, p 23-34Aydn Kl, Esra, Semenlerin Oy Verme Davranlarnda Etkili olan Siyasal Faktrlere likin Bir aratrma Ankara rnei 21.yzylda Sosyal Bilimler, say2, p179-222Karahan, Zeynep, Yasal letiim Yntemlerinin Semen Davranna Etkisi ve 22 Temmuz 2007 Seimleri,Alotaibi, Nasser N.,2013, Media Effects on Voting Behavior, European Scientific Journal , vol.9, No.20,p 1-11Ylmaz, Ayhan , Seim Dnemlerinde Oy Verme Davrann Artrclitiim Kampanyalar,p 395-420Jovett, G. 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